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INSTITUTT FOR FYSIKK
FY3070 Lys Syn Farge Faglærer: Professor Arne Valberg

PENSUM
Vår 2005

LIGHT VISION COLOUR By Arne Valberg (Pensumbok på norsk fra Tapir Forlag)
Contents Vision is probably the best investigated brain function in vertebrates. The book "LIGHT VISION COLOUR" has an interdisciplinary approach to our most important sensory system, combining basics in vision sciences with updated knowledge from different areas, such as neuroscience, biophysics, sensory psychology and philosophy. It describes visual illusions, the optics of the eye, the relationship between light and colour, sensitivity and response of nerve cells, brain processes, and correlates between perception and neural activity. More than 200 figures and an extensive list of technical terms and explanations make the understanding easy. For whom is the book written? The book is suitable for everybody interested in light and vision, and particularely for teachers and students in physiological optics, psychology, physiology, neurobiology, biophysics, light ingeneeering and design, colour technology, and architecture. The author Arne Valberg received his education at the universities of Basel and Oslo, and he has research experience from several universities and research institutes in Europe and USA. Currently he is professor in Biophysics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. He is a Fellow of The Optical Society of America and a member of several national and international organisations.
LIGHT VISION COLOUR List of contents (The book is in Norwegian)
VISION AND EXPERIENCE The problem Visual rays? Qualitative properties Experience and language "The sweet smell of purple" Vision as a problem in natural science Visual illusions Neural networks When the blind becomes sighted OPTICS Light Ultraviolet light Infrared light Light and circadian rythms Geometrical optics Shadows Mirrors Refraction and dispersion Vergence Thin lenses The lens maker's formula Lens power Image formation Angular magnification Imaging in the eye Models of the eye Near- and farsighted Where is the image on the retina Aberrations Spectral power distribution Spectral transmission and reflection Polarization Diffraction The Nyquist criterion for resolution Visual acuity Contrast rendering Modulation transfer function MTF THE EYE AND THE CAMERA Filter properties Imaging Light regulation and color Field of view Stereoscopic vision and vision in depth Horopter Autostereograms THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE The optic media Cornea Pupil Lens Viterous Sclera The retina Photoreceptors Rods and cones Fovea Light absorption Signal generation Ion currents Hyperpolarization and depolarization Receptive fields Horizontal cells Bipolar cells Increment (I) and decrement (D) bipolar cells Amacrine cells Ganglion cells Parvocellular (PC) and magnocellular (MC) cells Cone-opponent cells Difference between PC and MC cells I-and D-center ganglion cells Excitation and inhibition Neural signal processing Communication between cells Signal transduction Graded potentials and action potentials Chemical synapses and ion channels The model of Hodgkin and Huxley Contour and area contrast Patch clamp SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE Psychophysical sensitivity Vision in light and darkness Adaptation to darkness Maximum sensitivity Light absorption Purkinjes phenomenon Linear and nonlinear systems Spectral sensitivity Energy-based sensitivity Quantum-based sensitivity Action spectra of cones Response Receptors and the univariance principle Adaptation of cones. PHOTOMETRY Radiation and light The spectral luminous efficiency curve Flicker photometry and direct comparison Color purity and subjective brightness CONTRAST SENSITIVITY Luminance contrast Spatial contrast sensitivity Temporal sensitivity Spatial channels Low vision and contrast sensitivity Chrominance contrast Weber's law and Weber-Fechner's law Scaling of lightness contrast Steven's law		COLOR AND COLORIMETRY Color between phenomenon and theory Thomas Young or George Palmer? Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory and Hering's opponent theory The retinex theory Neuroscience and neurophilosophy Color perception and unique hues Color order systems Color physics Spectral distributions Subtractive color mixtures Additive color mixtures Color matches and the principle of equality Colors on monitors and TV The physiological basis of color The additive color space The CIE system for technical color measurements CIE (x.y) chromaticity diagram Color monitors Object colors - surface colors Schrödinger's optimal colors Modifications of the CIE 1931 system A physiologically based system for color measurement Luther-Nyberg transformations and the Hurvich-Jameson opponent model Color metrics and perceptual qualities Color differences Hue and saturation in the (x,y) diagram Color scales Color discrimination Line elements The Helmholtz tradition Opponent transformations Combined luminance- and chrominance contrast Color is what the eye sees best Color induction and adaptation Simultaneous contrast Induced colors Chromatic adaptation The von Kries hypothesis Color rendering The centering transformation Edwin Land's retinex hypothesis An alternative COLOR PHYSIOLOGY Normal and defect color vision Monochromacy Dichromacy Trichromacy The limitations of the trichromatic theory Opponency and neural networks One example Cone opponency and unique hues Other netwoks A physiological model for color vision Cone responses Opponent cell responses The model Modes of appearance, surfaces and light sources Opponent receptive fields Spectral sensitivity and response Perception and neural correlates The Abney effect The Bezold-Brücke effect Two sides of the same coin Color scaling Opponent cells and unique hues Summary BRAIN PROCESSES Localisation of activities Organization of the brain Visual areas Lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN Visual cortex "Split brain" studies Positron emission tomography, PET Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI and fMRI Visual evoked potentials, VEP The neural doctrine and distributed activity The neural code The binding problem NEURAL CORRELATES OF PERCEPTUAL PROPERTIES Class A and class B observations B- and D- types of cells The Hermann grid Contrast and contour enhancement Cortical magnification factor Movement and direction sensitive cells Three dimensional vision The classical receptive field and the global surround Multiplexing Double opponent cells Parallel pathways MC-cells and the luminous efficiency function The achromatic interval Detection and identification Temporal response and threshold sensitivity Dependence on frequency Dependence on luminance Spatial relationships Contour Hyperacuity Defocussing MC- and PC pathways in clinical evaluation APPENDIX Lateral inhibition and contour enhancement in Limulus A linear model of receptive fields LITTERATURE Explanations of technical terms

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Sist oppdatert: 11.11.2004